Efficient transposition of the piggyBac (PB) transposon in mammalian cells and mice. Transposon mutagenesis of the mouse germline. Trends in large-scale mouse mutagenesis: from genetics to functional genomics. Large-scale gene trapping in C57BL/6N mouse embryonic stem cells. A new partner for the international knockout mouse consortium. One hundred years of mouse genetics: an intellectual history. References 6 and 7 give an excellent historical overview of 100 years of mouse genetics, from its beginning to the genomic era. The Mouse Genome Database (MGD): mouse biology and model systems. In particular, it is mentioned that “the genotype–phenotype pair of classical genetics is an incomplete specification of determinate reproduction an external envirotype is needed to complete the mechanism.”īult, C. We believe that this publication introduced the term 'envirotype'. in Eco Targets, Goal Functions, and Orientors (eds Muller, F. The European dimension for the mouse genome mutagenesis program. Functional annotation of mouse genome sequences. The extent to which the effects of particular envirotypes are the same in mice and humans remains to be determined. The analysis of envirotypes (which are sets of exogenous factors that affect the phenotype) will be essential for accurately modelling human diseases in the mouse, but this research is just beginning.Ī map of exogenous factors and their effects on the mammalian genome will be required. The capacities of these mouse clinics will need to be increased to make significant progress at a faster pace. Several mouse clinics have provided essential phenotype data that is fundamental for the analysis of primary and secondary effects of mutations. The focus of genetic research for the next generation of mouse models can be considered at three main levels: the genotype, the phenotype and what we term the envirotype.Īt the genotype level, mutations are required that are more closely related to human mutations and genetic variants.Īt the phenotype level, systematic (each mutant mouse line) and systemic (examining all organ systems) analysis of mutant mouse lines is required. To maximize the potential of the mouse as a model organism, we now face challenges that go beyond simply establishing a mutant line for every gene. The current mouse mutant resources already contain mutations for essentially all genes and markers, but many of these mutations still need to be established in mouse lines as a free resource for the scientific community. The mouse is the leading mammalian model organism for basic genetic research and to study human diseases.
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